Tennyson for Memorial Day

" . . . Our echoes roll from soul to soul

And grow for ever and for ever . . . "

Catalina Island OSS Training, 1944-1945, continued

Remember this little oilcloth bag?

Catalina Island OSS Training, 1944-1945

Santa Catalina Island had been developed as a resort by Joseph Wrigley in the 1920s, but then: 

"During World War II, the island was closed to tourists and used for military training facilities. Catalina's steamships were expropriated for use as troop transports and a number of military camps were established. The U.S. Maritime Service set up a training facility in Avalon, the Coast Guard had training at Two Harbors, the Army Signal Corp maintained a radar station in the interior, the Office of Strategic Services did training at Toyon Bay, and the Navy did underwater demolition training at Emerald Bay."

Toyon Bay was:

". . . in the early 1900s, . . . the site of a boys' boarding school. During World War II, the boys were evacuated and the facility was turned into an Office of Strategic Services training camp. Chinese and American men were trained in guerrilla warfare for use behind Japanese lines in China."

Toyon Bay and some of the buildings, during the war.
From the Catalina Island museum.

 Mount Orizaba, at 2,097 feet, is the highest point on the island.  Here is a view from the summit:

An image search on "OSS Toyon Bay" yielded this photo, below, of otherwise unknown provenance,  of a soldier or sailor in training.

From Santa Catalina Island Goes to War, by William Sanford White: 

Toyon Bay, two and a half miles northwest of Avalon, and a smaller cove nearby known as Gallagher’s Beach, were selected for the use of the OSS for several reasons.

The beaches at Toyon and Gallagher’s are hemmed in by steep mountains, and no road had yet been built into the area.

The isolation was ideal for the kind of training that would go on there. In addition, there were already several buildings in place at the bottom of Swain’s Canyon, inland from Toyon’s beach. The facilities had been used by the Catalina Island School for Boys before its closure in December of 1941.

Along with the military branches, the OSS geared up during 1942. The site at Toyon Bay was leased in December of 1943, and the training center began operations in June of 1944. The base was top secret. Most Merchant Marine, Coast Guard and Army personnel stationed at other Catalina locations knew nothing of its existence.

Men who trained at Toyon Bay became experts with many weapons including carbines, M-1 rifles, 45 caliber pistols, the Fairbairn-Skyes dagger and explosives.

They also trained in martial arts and methods of “silent killing”. Much of the training was applicable to jungle combat. The tough physical conditioning regimen included calisthenics on the beach and long runs up the mountains and along the ridges of Catalina Island.

Toyon Bay served as a super secret training area for American spies and guerrilla warfare specialists from 1943-1945. While on the Island the men learned survival, hand-to-hand combat with knives and other silent weapons, unarmed combat, demolitions, map reading, cryptography, and clandestine radio operations.

Each training class conducted mock raids on the US Coast Guard base at Two Harbors and other “enemy” targets all around the Island. Agents were landed by submarine and rubber boats at other “enemy-held” strongholds.

From Toyon Bay the trainees went to Burma and China where they did behind-the-lines intelligence work for British and Indian armies fighting to recapture Burma.

They recruited, trained and led a guerrilla force of native Kachin fighters whose exploits have never been equaled in the history of guerrilla warfare, and who were largely responsible for the opening of the Burma road to China, and retaking of Northern Burma.  

The Catalina Island Museum had a 2013 exhibition entitled "First Line of Defense: Catalina Island and World War II." Local television picked up on the story and reprinted some of the images here, including this one:

  From the section of Nathan Masters's essay dealing with OSS on Catalina:

"Formed by President Roosevelt to conduct missions behind enemy lines, the top-secret OSS found in Catalina an ideal training facility. While still located close to Los Angeles, the island was secluded, separated a twenty-mile-wide channel off-limits to most vessels. Its temperate waters provided a place to practice amphibious assaults, and the rugged interior tested recruits' physical stamina and simulated the terrain OSS operatives would encounter in East Asia.

At three locations on Catalina -- Toyon Bay, Howland's Landing, and Fourth of July Cove -- OSS recruits practiced their unique, muscular style of spycraft.

Commandos from the OSS's Special Operations branch, nicknamed the "Bang Bang Boys," endured a five-day survival exercise on the island's rough geography. Using only a knife and fishing wire as tools, the men were expected to survive on the island's feral goats, wild boars, and marine life. They could never be spotted by any military personnel.

Another exercise sent recruits in the OSS's Maritime Unit on raids into mock-hostile territory. Entering Avalon underwater with a SCUBA-like breathing apparatus, the commandos were ordered to capture the town's post office or bank by scrawling an X on the building. The soldiers guarding the harbor were not forewarned, and if detected the OSS recruits risked being shot on sight.

Knowledge of the OSS's activities and even its presence on Catalina Island was a closely guarded secret until the federal government recently declassified documents related to its predecessor agency. "

Those documents were declassified in 2008, the year Dad died.  He had been instructed at the time of his discharge not to talk details - so he did not talk details. And he jammed his papers way under the eaves of the attic and did not tell us kids about them.  Further, he did not live long enough to enter the time when he could have pulled them out and shown them to us with no reservation.  Oh, Dad.  You had to go it alone all your life with respect to this huge chunk of important historical knowledge and serious memory.

But he did tell us little kids about eating ants.  

"They blindfolded us and put bits of food in front of us and had us try it.  'How do you like this?  What did that taste like?'"

"'Well', I said . . . 'it tasted like pineapple.'"

"Blindfold off - They were ants!"

Once I asked him what he did in China, fighting the Japanese.  He said he taught the Chinese how to fight.  He said he taught the Chinese how to use explosives. He said he put on black clothes and black cap, rubbed burnt cork on his face and hands, swam to the base of a railroad bridge, and attached explosives to the bridge so that it could be blown up when the train came over.  He was quite diffident about it and just answered the question simply, without offering further conversation.

There is a third memory, but it might be true memory, or it might be manufactured.  It bubbled to the surface when I read this essay by a Dr. John Whiteclay Chambers II initially for the National Park Service, explaining to them why their parks were taken over by the military during the war.  This passage rang bells:

"Advanced SO men were sent on survival problems, dispatched into desolate areas with only a minimum of food, forced to live on fish they could catch or game they could shoot. Subsequently they were tested on preparing effective plans to sabotage military facilities in San Pedro harbor and the Orange County coast. Lt. Hugh Tovar, SI, a Harvard ROTC graduate, was one of those OSS trainees in the interior of rugged, windswept Santa Catalina Island in 1945. “They gave me a carbine with one bullet and told me to survive on my own out there for several days,” he recalled. He did and went on afterward to China and Indochina."  

 - Studies in Intelligence Vol. 54, No. 2 (June 2010)

Dad may have - very probably may have -  mentioned having to go off for 3 or maybe 5 days with a knife, a fishline, and a buddy, and their having to feed themselves and stay hidden.

Some other nuggets from that same Chambers essay:

Several National Parks in Virginia were commandeered for use by OSS. (One later became Camp David.)

"The Catoctin ("Area B", in Maryland) superintendent complained to the camp commander when trainee/hunters killed a rabbit; he lodged a formal protest when a dozen large trees were cut down; and he expressed dissatisfaction when trainees shot several wild turkeys."

The British Special Operations Executive was established prior to OSS, but very soon the Americans went their own way:  

Although SOE had considerable influence in the beginning, not only through Camp-X, but by temporarily lending instructors and providing copies of its manuals, lectures, and training materials, as well as the latest explosives and Allied and Axis weapons, OSS eventually went its own way. It never adopted the British model of two entirely separate government agencies for secret intelligence and special operations (SIS and SOE). It rejected the class formality between officers and enlisted men and the rigid military discipline of SOE training camps. By mid-1943 only one British instructor remained with the Americans."

"Because of the OSS emphasis on prowess, self-confidence, and self-reliance on hazardous missions, instruction in close-combat techniques, armed and unarmed, was a major component of the training. Its chief instructor was a William (“Dangerous Dan”) Fairbairn, legendary former head of the British Shanghai riot squad. . ."

"The new basic unified course, still called the E Course, was taught beginning in July 1944 at Area A, and subsequently at RTU-11, Area F, and the new West Coast training facility on Santa Catalina Island off Los Angeles. The aim of this introductory course was to provide a quick but intensive survey to all operational recruits of the various kinds of work done by OSS. Having been created by SI, it was heavier on the intelligence than paramilitary side.  Subjects such as agent undercover techniques, intelligence objectives and reporting, sabotage, small arms, demolitions, unarmed defense, as well as the basic elements of counterespionage and black propaganda were crammed into only two or, at most, three weeks.  At the same time, the basic SO paramilitary course (the A-4 Course) was also taught at various times not only in Area A but at Areas B, D, F, and on Catalina Island."

So, that goes on the job list: find out whether Eugene J. Zdrojewski, 42021053, took the E course or the A-4 course.

  

Dobranoc
Julia

OSS CBI Photobook 8 - Travel Orders, 9 December 1944, continued

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 Last post we began examining another photobook page illustrating transition.  From D.C., our heroes take the train across the continent, are driven from an LA OSS office to OSS West Coast Training Center in Newport Beach,  thence taken by small boat to Santa Catalina Island.

Can we conclude that the man, at right, wearing a garrison cap
is Private Howard C. Lyon?
Pfc and up gets to wear a flat hat?

This panorama shot is from the Wiki article.  Click to enlarge.
The silhouette compares well with what we glimpse off the bow.

Pfc Eugene Zdrojewski and his Master Sergeant.

There's Santa Catalina Island off the stern!
So: sorry, we have no photos of classified activities
during their 30-day training session on the dry, mostly deserted island!
We have photos of going out and of heading back,
and some of them are mixed up.

This is a recent L.A. Times shot from roughly the same place,
with that recognizable summit. 

Is this the Newport Beach HQ?
Or is this on the island?
Apparently some of the buildings used by OSS in wartime
later became part of the Catalina Island Marine Institute.

Next up: a few sources on what training was going on there during World War II, and who was involved.  Also, one or two of Dad's stories are bubbling up to the surface of memory.  Oh, and I found this odd-looking paper.

Julie

OSS CBI Photobook 8 - Travel Orders, 9 December 1944

(If you are reading this in email, remember: you can see this post in all its glory at Gene & Clara's.)

(And its glory will be undimmed if you download the free, simple, and effective ad-blocker from ghostery.com)

Gene was in Washington, D.C. for November and the first part of December, 1944.  See here, here, here, and here, and oh yes, here. On page 8 of the photobook we see the transition set into motion by the related documents.

They are four mimeographed copies
of the same document, in fact.

"HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT"
"OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES"
"ROOM 23, 2324 F ST.,  N.W."
"WASHINGTON, D.C."

"220.453 (30 Nov 44)"

"9 December 1944"

 1.  The following named enlisted men, this organization, will proceed by rail on or about 11 December 1944, from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles, California, reporting upon arrival to Mr. Martin Easton, Room 1130, Rowan Building, 458 South Spring Street, Los Angeles, California, for Government transportation to Headquarters West Coast Training Center, Newport Beach, California.

Tec 5 Jack N. Hammond 20 527 564

Pfc Peter R. Beckett  36 645 366

Pfc Marcello G. Rotundo  12 138 361

Pfc Eugene J. Zdrojewski  42 021 053

Pvt Howard C. Lyon  37 896 (or maybe 096 - JZ) 032

Corporal Hammond would have worn insignia like this:

Hammond's monthly base pay was $66.  His rank was Technician Fifth Grade.  You can see insignia for all the Technical Sargeants 1942-1948 here.  Apparently, in some instances a Sargeant was addressed as "Corporal."  Why?  Beats me.  Still, we can look in these photos for his insignia.

I wish I could tell you, Dad, how artistic
and intriguing your arrangement is here.
And with you and your buddy at the top corners,
cameras in hand on the Mall,
we can know how important he was.
Which one of the four was he?
What was his name?

You let the ground tilt
so he would look right.

Hey!
I don't appreciate you letting
the Washington Monument tilt!
I'm going to override you here, Dad.

More from the Travel Orders:

2.  Upon arrival at Newport Beach, California, enlisted men will report to the Commanding Officer, Headquarters West Coast Training Center, for temporary duty of  approximately thirty (30) days in connection with the OSS activities and upon completion of this temporary duty enlisted men will return to their proper station, Washington, D.C.

3.  . . . It being impracticable for the Government to furnish rations in kind, the Finance Officer will pay enlisted men monetary allowantces in lieu of rations and quarters at the rate prescribed . . . $3.00 a day for  five (5) days . . . 

So, did they make it to LA?  To Newport Beach? And then what did they do for "approximately 30 days?"  And by golly did they get their lunch money?

They got on the train all right.
Here they are at a stop at Lynndyl, Utah.
Founded in 1907, named after Lynn, Massachusetts,
Lynndyl's population had grown to 366 by 1940.

Is this Los Angeles?
Is that Eugene's personal camera?

Gene and his buddy.
I don't know his buddy's home town,
but I can tell you that Gene did not see palm trees
in his own hometown in December
or in any other month.

They got the same amount for lunch money in L.A. for the return trip.
But that was later.

Next up:  Santa Catalina Island, or at least the patrol boat there and back, along with a surprise.

Julie