Sunday, March 31, 2024

OSS Special Operations in China, Close Reading 3, Kunming to Chengtu to Hsian to HsinHsiang to a Drop Zone

 Here is a links roundup for review of the background relevant to this book:

OSS Special Operations in China, Close Reading 1: Front Matter

Nationalist Warlords, Ambivalent Warlords, Commies, and Americans

 Fighting Idealists Find Raw Cynicism 

"The Chinese Puzzle" Considered With Some Material from the Hoover

Mysterious Letter from Chungking

Looking for Log in All the Wrong Places 

MMB: Front Matter and Excerpt

OSS Special Operations in China, Close Reading 2: Chapter 1

 G&C Maps Page 

 

MMB Chapter 2 concerns the Ping-Han Railway, a north-south line held by the Japanese Army and essential to their troop transport and logistics.

But first comes the story of the 1,000 mile trip with Task Force TAPIR in a big motorized convoy, with the objective of destroying an airbase up north in Laoheku, so as to deny it to the Japanese. The Japanese take the base before TAPIR gets there, but never mind that. They get to go fishing with grenades. And we are introduced to Major Leonard Clark of OSS SI, whose exploits Mills summarizes on p. 19.  Look out; here is Len Clark:

With regret I must report failure in finding you an image of Victor Yakovleff, of SI, interpreter and "bodyguard and personal gunman for Leonard Clark."

Those two guys are, to my mind, extreme examples of the kind of self-directing fighting man for which the US Armed Forces have always been famous. I think it was Stephen Ambrose who described the US Army squad or platoon and its largely autonomous mode of operation as essential to victory in Europe. The brass knew to what level to direct them; the knew to give them a goal and let them go to it.

Americans have organized and directed our own defense, far from the seat of authority, since 1607. Here is George Henry Boughton's 1867 painting Pilgrims Going to Church.

So as Mills describes on his p. 30, "Each OSS commander or team leader was given a mission and left to do his job the way he chose to do it, with few restrictions on how he managed, so long as the objective assigned to him was achieved." The setup sounds like our Wild West, for example, except that Tai Li and his organization sound a great deal more institutionalized and better equipped than Geronimo or Vittorio.

Hsian, aka Sian/Xsian, Mills describes as "surrounded by a massive stone bastion . . . [that] formed a rectangle two miles wide and three miles long around the city, with a deep moat dug recently just outside the wall in case the invading Japanese Army should advance that far to the west." (MMB 31-32.)

The Photobook has several pages of what is starting to look a lot like Hsian city and the OSS encampment outside the city. Looking ahead, I spy a photo of the tower that looks just like that on the "main street of Hsian" on MMB 35, and is likely the "Drum Tower." I also spy a photo of statuary sitting out in a cultivated field, such as on MMB 43 and 44. That statuary, all lined up in rows, flanked and guarded the entrance road to that ancient royal palace, which was at that time completely buried. After the war the place was excavated, and those famous buried ranks of terra-cotta soldiers found.

Sorry folks, I do not see in the upcoming Photobook pages any images of Dad yukking it up with General Donovan or General Hu, Commander of the KMT First War Area. There are, however, some very nice water buffalo to come.  Stay tuned.

Hu was charged with defense of Hsian not only from Imperial Japanese, but also the Chinese Communists, headquartered "at Yenan, about 300 miles north." (MMB 37) When checking this out on Google Maps, note that the way the English spelling works now: "Yenan" is to the northeast, while "Yan'An," Mao's wartime capital, is directly north of Hsian.

The base compound Mills describes as "about a hundred yards square, enclosed by a stone and clay wall eight feet high." "The Special Operations 'Office' was a dirt-floor, one-room building." "The teams lived in large Army squad tents, one tent per team, and the men slept in their sleeping bags on canvas field cots." The Photobook has images of these things in the upcoming pages, so we will be having a close look.

There are about a hundred men at this base compound outside Hsian. Colonel Mills and his officers disperse them in teams of 9 or so to various areas of operation, some of which are outlined on the map on MMB 546. After squinting at this map a lot, and comparing it with others, I can say with confidence that the thick black line is the Yellow River, flowing south, taking that big bend just northeast of Hsian, and flowing east to the Yellow Sea.

The Ping-Han Railway, single-track according to the map legend, ran north-south from Beijing (Peiping) to Hanzhou:



The virtual loupe lets us enlarge the area of interest, in this case the area to which Team JACKAL was assigned. We see the Ping-Han crossing the Yellow River, between the LION and JACKAL zones. We see the Huang-Ho River, tributary of the Yellow. We see Kaifeng on the south bank of the Yellow. Not shown is Hsinshiang/Xinxiang, but I would place it on the Ping-Han where that black line from Kaifeng joins it. As we will see later, that is the "Hsinshiang-Kaifeng Railway." On May 22, 1945, half of Team JACKAL was flown over Hsinshiang/Xinxiang, at night, on the way to their drop zone. Flown "at 300 feet!" But there was no flack from that dark city. 

The mission was to quit playing whack-a-mole with railway sabotage, and instead wreck all the rail bridges in that area at the same time. This May 22 insertion was the first of OSS team members to Chinese reception committee on the ground.  Who made that first jump ?

Paul Cyr, of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, Commanding:

Albert Robichaud, Lewiston, Maine schoolteacher:

Berent E. Friele, of New York, New York:

 

Below is a photo from MMB52, scanned and tweaked. I kind of have my doubts about the caption. I am thinking "Major Cyr; Boris Chu, Interpreter; B. E. Friele, Radio; Jerry Welo, Photographer." It would be nice to find another photo somewhere of Jerry Welo, for further confirmation of these IDs. If you find one, let me know, all right?

What happened after they hit the ground? When did the rest of the team arrive? Did anybody write anything down? Until next time - keep reading!

 


 

 

Wednesday, March 27, 2024

OSS CBI Photobook 17

 
  Page 17 is the first of several showing us off-duty moments in the HQ near Kaifeng. They seem to have quite a few such moments, and quite a lot of film.

Above: scan of top half of page 17.




 Above: scan of bottom half of page 17.
 
This mode of transport will be featured in stories coming up.

Robichaud, aka Frenchie

This kind of scene became a classic in after years, right?
Looks like blackjack.

 


 
 
Mills, Mills, and Brunner has lists of team members beginning on page 503. Note in the image above that the team name changed over time. 
 
As of May 22, 1945, the eight-member team is set up under Paul Cyr.

Zdrojewski is the only member of the small group that trained together on Catalina who has ended up in JACKAL.

For Friele, at least, we now have a hint. Andrew photoshopped the dollar bill pasted into the Page 16 photomontage:


There's a name we know! Sgt. B. E. Friele
 

This photo has the following caption in the "Communications Branch" section
 
"1SG Berent Friele sending a message at SO Team JACKAL, China, 1945. Friele had previously been the radio operator of Jedburgh Team GERALD in France 1944."

Saturday, March 26, 2022

Cyprian Norwid: Ashes and Diamonds

Cyprian Kamil Norwid, (1821-1883), Polish poet and exile, wrote what is known to us now as the "Ashes and Diamonds" poem.

I'll transcribe it in four sort-of verses and interleave some translation. Following that will be a 1958 film clip and a 2008 song video.


Coraz to z ciebie jako z drzazgi smolnej
Wokoło lecą szmaty zapalone
Gorejąc nie wiesz czy stawasz się wolny
Czy to co twoje ma być zatracone

Extant translation for which attribution is hard to find:
"So, often, are you as a blazing torch
With flakes of burning hemp falling about you, flaming.
You know not if the flames bring freedom, or death,
Consuming all that you must cherish."

My translation, more literal and less beautiful - translation of poetry is a fascinating game:
"Increasingly, with you it’s like a blazing torch (tarry splinter)
Around you fall burning shreds
Burning, you know not whether they will become freedom
Or whether all that is yours is to be annihilated;"




Czy popiół tylko zostanie, i zamęt -
Co idzie w przepaść z burzą.
Czy zostanie na dnie popiołu gwiaździsty dyjament?
Wiekuistego zwycięstwa zaranie?


Extant translation for which attribution is hard to find:
If only ashes remain, and want, chaos, and tempest,
You shall be annihilated.
Or will the ashes hold the glory of a starlike diamond?
The Morning Star of everlasting triumph?

My translation, more literal and less beautiful:
Whether ashes only remain, and chaos -
What goes over the cliff in the storm.
Or whether there remains in the bottom of the ash a starlike diamond?
The dawn of everlasting triumph?


For verses 3 and 4, I can only offer my own translation:

Wiary dziś życzę Tobie, że zostanie
Bo na tej ziemi jesteś po to właśnie
By z ognia zgliszcza
Mógł powstać dyjament
Wiekuistego zwycięstwa zaranie

Czy wiesz, że jesteś po to właśnie?!


Faith today I wish you, that it remains,
For on this earth you are for exactly this:
So that from the fire-ashes
could arise diamond:
The dawn of everlasting triumph.

Do you know that you are for exactly that?!



Połóż rękę na sercu,
Otwórz oczy szeroko, i skacz!
Powiedz: Teraz lub nigdy
Zamiast: Będzie co ma być
I nie czekaj aż głód spełni
Twoje cierpienie! Tak!


Put hand on heart,
Open eyes wide, and jump!
Say: Now or never!
Instead of: There will be what will be.
And do not wait until hunger completes
Your suffering. Yes!


Andrzej Wajda's 1958 film Ashes and Diamonds is set in Warsaw just after WWII, at the height of the political and "kinetic" battle for Poland, between the Communists and the patriots wishing to re-establish the independent Republic. It has a famous scene in which the doomed protagonist and the lady find this Norwid poem inscribed on stone in one of the thousands of bombed-out and burned buildings in the city. The hero is in that all-too-familiar situation: with flames and ashes of his world swirling all around, he has to decide whether to fight, or go along to get along. If he fights, what will ensue, for him and for his country? He cannot know; he just fights anyway.

That scene starts at the 9-minute mark of the 12-minute video below. Vade Mecum is an artistic biographical video of the life of Norwid, who was ignored in his lifetime but very much heard today.




And here is Stan Borys singing the first two verses, with visual imagery apt once you know the background. (The exception in my case would be - I don't know from that turtle or whatever it is.)

What Stan Borys sings is  Verse 1, then 2;   1, then 2;   1, then 2,   after which he hums with the storm winds.





Czy zostanie na dnie popiołu gwiaździsty dyjament?


 

Saturday, January 2, 2021

More Finds for the Map Collection

G&C Maps Page has been spiffed up with new additions. 

One comes from the very good overview article Second Sino-Japanese War, which provides discussion, illustration, maps, links to video, and references.

"Japanese Empire's Territorial Expansion" clearly shows the location and year of each move, beginning with the 1874 taking of the Ryukyu Islands, which include Okinawa, and moving on and up through the 1931 invasion of Manchuria and 1939 of Haiman. This illustrates the historical setting of what the US and Allies considered the China Theater of the Pacific War of WWII.


 

What a relief it was to find a couple of good, readable river maps. This map of the Yellow River (Huang He) shows very clearly the course of the river, its tributaries and basin, basic regional topography, important cities, and surrounding regions. Hsian/Xian, at the junction of the Wei and Jing tributaries, was the OSS center of forward operations in the history we are considering.

One city, part of our story, that is not on this map is Kaifeng. That would be the mysterious Kaifeng-on-the-Dollar-Bill, of which we may or may not ever figure out the meaning.

Kaifeng is located east of Zhengzhou, right at the place where the Yellow River bends to the northeast.

The source of this map is an essay that goes into a lot of detail, on historical courses of the river, for example, or the deliberate 1938 KMT flooding of the Yellow River valley to deter Japanese troops.


A map of the Yangtze has similar advantages in clarity, showing just enough detail of the course, drainage basin, geographical relation to the Yellow and the Pearl Rivers, geographical relation to Tibet, India, Burma, and the coast. It shows us Kunming and Hsian/Xian, clearly and on the same map.


Last but not least, a 1959 set of topographical maps of eastern and southern China is available for download from the University of Texas Libraries. The master map looks like this:

 From the landing page, I clicked on Hsian from the list of major place-names, zoomed in a bit, and took a screenshot of the ancient city and the rivers nearby:

This kind of reading and map study is useful in reminding us of the who-what-when-where of the broader stage and action in which fits our JACKAL story, to which we return.



Sunday, December 27, 2020

Reprise Post: Kolęda - "Gdy się Chrystus Rodzi"

"Kolędy" are the hymns of of the European Christmas Season, which runs from December 4th through Epiphany, January 6th. This is intriguing and mysterious, since the "calends" are the first days of the months in the ancient Roman calendar.


"Gdy się Chrystus Rodzi,"  "When Christ was Born," is an enduring favorite due, I would say, to its tenderness and happiness, a quiet, reverent happiness.  Few things bring greater joy than this hymn performed by good musicians and choristers in a beautiful church at midnight on Christmas Eve.



This choir, "Harmonia," performs with a traditional up-tempo refrain.

A choir from Poznań renders the carol in constant, serene tempo.


Kolenda online is the source of lyrics below, and gives the musical score as well:

Gdy się Chrystus rodzi i na świat przychodzi,
ciemna noc w jasnościach promienistych brodzi.
Aniołowie się radują
pod niebiosa wyśpiewują:


Gloria, gloria, gloria
in excelsis Deo!


Mówią do pasterzy, którzy trzód swych strzegli,
aby do Betlejem czym prędzej pobiegli,
bo się narodził Zbawiciel
wszego świata Odkupiciel:

Gloria, gloria, gloria
in excelsis Deo!

O niebieskie duchy i posłowie nieba,
powiedzcież wyraźniej, co nam czynić trzeba,
bo my nic nie pojmujemy,
ledwo od strachu żyjemy:



Gloria, gloria, gloria
in excelsis Deo!




Nascitur cum Christus et mundo apparet,
Caeca nox fulgore radiante claret.
Angeli in caelis visi
Cantat hymnum paradisi:

Gloria, gloria , gloria,
In excelsis Deo.



Pavidos pastores angeli hortantur,
Bethehem quam primum ut proficiscantur:
Natus enim est Salvator,
Mundi machine Creator.

Gloria, gloria, gloria,
In excelsis Deo. 

Spiritus caelestes caelique legati,
Quidnam faciamus, nobis revelate.
Imperiti nil pollemus,
Metu capti vix vigemus.

Glioria, gloria, gloria,
In excelsis Deo.
 
 
 



Ehret and Evans's International Book of Christmas Carols - a wonderful volume - displays this carol on a two-page spread, giving the first two verses, in Polish and English.





Błogosławiony Bożego Narodzenia!

A Blessed Christmas Season!


to family and friends, far and near.  Julie
 
(This post appeared originally on 12/22/2012. It was edited and updated on 12/27/2020.)

Saturday, December 26, 2020

Reprise Post: Kolędy (Polish Christmas Carols) - "Dzisiaj w Betlejem"

 



"Dzisiaj w Betlejem" ("Today in Bethlehem") is a carol of eager, triumphant gladness.

Dzisiaj w Betlejem, dzisiaj w Betlejem
Wesoła nowina
Że Panna czysta, że Panna czysta
Porodziła Syna
(refren:)
Chrystus się rodzi
Nas oswobodzi
Anieli grają
Króle witają
Pasterze śpiewają
Bydlęta klękają
Cuda, cuda ogłaszają
Maryja Panna, Maryja Panna
Dzieciątko piastuje
I Józef święty i Józef święty
On ją pielęgnuje
(refren)
Chociaż w stajence, chociaż w stajence
Panna Syna rodzi
Przecież on wkrótce, przecież on wkrótce
ludzi oswobodzi
(refren)
I trzej królowie, i trzej królowie
od wschodu przybyli
I dary Panu, i dary Panu
kosztowne złożyli
(refren)
Pójdźmy też i my, pójdźmy też i my
przywitać Jezusa
Króla nad królami, Króla nad królami
uwielbić Jezusa
(refren)


Lyric Translate gives a satisfactorily literal translation to English:

Today in Bethlehem, today in Bethlehem
(there are) merry news
That the pure Maiden, that the pure Maiden
Has born a son
(Refrain:)
Christ is born
He's going to deliver us
The angels are playing (music)
The kings are bidding welcome
The shepherds are singing
The cattle is kneeling
Wonders, wonders do they announce
Mary the Maiden, Mary the Maiden
Is nursing the child
And Saint Joseph and Saint Joseph
He's taking care of Her
(Refrain)
Although in a little barn, although in a little barn
The Maiden is bearing Her son
After all He'll soon, after all He'll soon
deliver the people
(Refrain)
And the Three Kings, and the Three Kings
arrived from the east
and they gathered precious
gifts for the Lord, gifts for the Lord
(Refrain)
Let's go, too, let's go, too
and bid welcome to Jesus
King of Kings, King of Kings
to adore Jesus
(Refrain)

The International Book of Christmas Carols has the melody, harmony, accompaniment, and chord notation, although the lyric differs.







Many ensembles record this kolęda, including Mazowsze and also The Mater Dolorosa Choir.
 
(This is an edited version of the original post of 12/24/2012.) 
 

Thursday, December 24, 2020

Reprise Post: Chopin, Christmas, and "For Our Freedom and Yours!"

Lulajże, Jezuniu, “Lullaby, Little Jesus” is a traditional Polish Christmas carol dating from the nineteenth century, or who knows, perhaps earlier. Here is a lyric in original and in translation; very homey, yes?



Lulajże Jezuniu, moja Perełko,
 
Lulaj ulubione me Pieścidełko.
 
Lulajże Jezuniu, lulaj, że lulaj
 
A ty go matulu w płaczu utulaj
 


          Hush little Jesus, my little pearl,
          Hush my favourite little delight.
          Hush little Jesus, hush, hush
          But you lovely mother, solace him in tears

Here it is sung by Stefan Witas in a 1932 recording for Columbia. It is worth the trouble to follow the link and take a listen, as it is a great recording of a nice tenor voice, plus all the scratchy vinyl versimilitude.

And here is another, recent recording, perhaps a little syrupy, but with the advantage of clarity, sung slowly enough that it is easy to listen and read the lyric at the same time.

Fryderyk Chopin incorporated this carol into his first scherzohis Scherzo No.1 in B minor, Op. 20. Why would he do that? And for that matter, why would he set a musical joke in a minor key?

In 1830, Chopin was in Vienna.  The Polish military cadets in Warsaw launched an uprising against the Russian Tsar. This November Uprising of 1830 involved Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Belarus, and went on for 8 or 9 months until its ultimate defeat.  This was their battle flag:


                                                     IN THE NAME       OF GOD
                                                     FOR                                AND
                                                    OUR                              YOUR
                                                                  FREEDOM
This is translated as  For our freedom and yoursand has been repeated in subsequent wars, and is repeated now.
Chopin’s friends persuaded him to remain in Vienna while this insurrection raged in his homeland.  So his compatriots were fighting for independence far away; he had TB anyway; he could not fight.  I think that, obsessed with the knowledge of the fight and feeling the agony of his homeland, he must have considered a musical joke perfectly appropriate.  It was a sick joke that Fate was playing on the Poles and their allies. The music speaks of frenzy.
Here is The Taking of the Warsaw Arsenal, Marcin Zaleski 1831.


This is easily imagined on hearing the scherzo.  Here is Artur Rubenstein performing.

The structure of the thing is all there to read about, but the stunner is what happens in the very center of it.  At 3’20” in this recording, the waking nightmare pauses, and reverie takes over.  We hear the melody of Lulajże, Jezuniu.  We hear just the melody, as if we were being rocked in maternal arms, or as if we were in meditation before the Manger, or as if we were at home at Christmas.

But then we are jerked awake, startled back to the present and to war.

There are times when, after reading the news for an hour, I deliberately send my thoughts back to the security and the wholeness of my own childhood – for I was lucky to have such. My father would look at me and say Pieścidełko – little dear one.
I see the twinkling tree and all the glowing lights; I sense the dark snowy winds beyond the curtains; I hear the music; I sense the fragrances from the kitchen; I notice the rustlings of dear ones moving around the house.  Yes, I go back there in memory on purpose, but then startle awake, jerk back to the present, where there is knowledge of protracted, seemingly distant, yet decisive battle.





(This post first appeared on December 24, 2019, and has been edited slightly.)

Tuesday, December 22, 2020

Polish Wooden Churches Restored

As part of a revamping of the Links listing in the right sidebar here, I have added a link to The First News, a magazine-style site pitched to potential tourists with inclinations to visit Poland.

A recent article discusses the completion of a project to restore ten wooden churches that date from medieval times. The photographs of exteriors and interiors are intriguing. All ten restored structures form a new wooden-church tourist trail in Wielkopolska, which is "Greater Poland," an ancient historical region that includes Poznań. The map below is from the article:

 

 Zdrojewski and Matynka ancestors came to America from Wielkopolska. The dialect map below is from the linked Wikipedia article, which also has images of historic maps as well as of coats of arms of the various historic families. These coats of arms are obviously the best ones!

Map of Polish dialects by Aotearoa - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11836448

Monday, December 21, 2020

Reprise Post: Advent Carol: "Czekam na Ciebie"

Today's reposting is a third edit of the original 2013 kolęda post.


Czekam na Ciebie,  "I wait for You," expresses longing and yearning for the arrival of the Savior.  The Liturgical Season of Advent is prime time for these feelings.



How does it sound? In minor mode, it sounds yearning. Like this, sung by a church organist with an affecting baritone. And like this, performed in the style of a quiet folk tune.

From Nuty Religijne we can obtain the score with Polish lyrics:




Source for the Polish lyric is teksty.org:

Czekam na Ciebie, Jezu mój mały,
ciche błaganie, ku niebu śle.
Twojego przyjścia, czeka świat cały.
Sercem gorącym przyzywa Cię.

          I wait for You, my little Jesus,
          Silent supplication to the sky send.
          For your advent, the whole world is waiting.
          Fervent hearts call You.

Spójrz, tęskniony na tej ziemi,
przyjdź, o Jezu, pociesz nas!
Szczerze kochać Cię będziemy.
Przyjdź, o Jezu, bo już czas.


          Look upon this Earth with its longing,
          Come, O Jesus, comfort us!
          Truly we will love You.
          Come, O Jesus, because it is already time.



Usłysz Maryjo głos Twoich dzieci,
Tyś naszą Matką na każdy dzień.
O daj nam Słońce, które rozświeci,
grzechu i błędu straszliwy cień.


          Hear, Mary, the voice of your children.
          Thou art our Mother, every day.
          Give to us the Sun, that its light
          Will enshadow sin and terrible error.

Spójrz teskniony na tej ziemi,
daj nam Zbawcę, Dziecię Twe.
My dla Niego żyć pragniemy,
Jemu damy serca swe.

          Look upon this Earth with its longing,
          Give to us the Savior, your Son.
          We for Him to be living crave,
          To Him we will give our hearts.


This is a revision of the 2013 post Czekam na Ciebie.
This is edited once more for 2020.